The issue here is likely that the InfluxDB service is typically run as the user “influxdb”. If you want to confirm, you need to see where your systemd startup configuration is set. Not sure about the raspian distro, but on the RHEL that user is specific in /etc/systemd/system/influxd.service.
If the service doesn’t start for you, it could be that when the user influxdb can’t execute /usr/lib/influxdb/scripts/influxd-systemd-start.sh, the permissions issue I mentioned above. But, since you can run influxdb when you start with sudo seems to confirm you have the same issue.
