Alright, I found the issue in plain sight.
Of course it is rather stupid to timeshift before filtering any value and therefore apply the timeshift to the whole bucket
So
from(bucket: v.defaultBucket)
|> range(start: -10d, stop:3d)
|> filter(fn: (r) =>
r._measurement == "WeatherService_ForecastDay3_MaxTemperature"
)
|> set(key: "_measurement", value: "")
|> set(key: "_field", value: "Temperatur Max")
|> timeShift(duration:72h)
Works just fine.
However with Influxdb 1 also the first variant was possible without any crashes. Probably something which could be more robust in Influxdb 2